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Philosophy
Cover of Philosophical Investigations by Ludwig Wittgenstein

Philosophical Investigations

Ludwig Wittgenstein
1953
Wittgenstein's second masterpiece, which dismantles his first.

Decide its fate

The case for it
Nothing here is easy to carry away in a sentence, and readers who want a doctrine will finish empty-handed. What you get instead is the strangest prose in modern philosophy: builders shouting one word at each other, a child being taught to count, a man trying to point at a color. The examples stay ordinary, the sentences stay plain, and both keep catching you doing something with words you never noticed you were doing. Read a page a night for a year and it works on you the way poetry does. Very few books change your ear. This one does.
the honest librarian
The case against
Wittgenstein refuses to state his conclusions; he leaves 693 numbered remarks, an interlocutor who may be him, and a method that dissolves questions rather than answering them. Whether the private language argument even is an argument remains a scholarly career path. Part Two was stapled on by literary executors. Reading it cold mostly produces confident misreading.
the honest librarian
beyond the verdict
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